c - Real-world use of X-Macros

Question

I just learned of X-Macros. What real-world uses of X-Macros have you seen? When are they the right tool for the job?

Answer 1

I discovered X-macros a couple of years ago when I started making use of function pointers in my code. I am an embedded programmer and I use state machines frequently. Often I would write code like this:

/* declare an enumeration of state codes */
enum{ STATE0, STATE1, STATE2, ... , STATEX, NUM_STATES};

/* declare a table of function pointers */
p_func_t jumptable[NUM_STATES] = {func0, func1, func2, ... , funcX};

The problem was that I considered it very error prone to have to maintain the ordering of my function pointer table such that it matched the ordering of my enumeration of states.

A friend of mine introduced me to X-macros and it was like a light-bulb went off in my head. Seriously, where have you been all my life x-macros!

So now I define the following table:

#define STATE_TABLE 
        ENTRY(STATE0, func0) 
        ENTRY(STATE1, func1) 
        ENTRY(STATE2, func2) 
        ...
        ENTRY(STATEX, funcX) 

And I can use it as follows:

enum
{
#define ENTRY(a,b) a,
    STATE_TABLE
#undef ENTRY
    NUM_STATES
};

and

p_func_t jumptable[NUM_STATES] =
{
#define ENTRY(a,b) b,
    STATE_TABLE
#undef ENTRY
};

as a bonus, I can also have the pre-processor build my function prototypes as follows:

#define ENTRY(a,b) static void b(void);
    STATE_TABLE
#undef ENTRY

Another usage is to declare and initialize registers

#define IO_ADDRESS_OFFSET (0x8000)
#define REGISTER_TABLE
    ENTRY(reg0, IO_ADDRESS_OFFSET + 0, 0x11)
    ENTRY(reg1, IO_ADDRESS_OFFSET + 1, 0x55)
    ENTRY(reg2, IO_ADDRESS_OFFSET + 2, 0x1b)
    ...
    ENTRY(regX, IO_ADDRESS_OFFSET + X, 0x33)

/* declare the registers (where _at_ is a compiler specific directive) */
#define ENTRY(a, b, c) volatile uint8_t a _at_ b:
    REGISTER_TABLE
#undef ENTRY

/* initialize registers */
#define ENTRY(a, b, c) a = c;
    REGISTER_TABLE
#undef ENTRY

My favourite usage however is when it comes to communication handlers

First I create a comms table, containing each command name and code:

#define COMMAND_TABLE 
    ENTRY(RESERVED,    reserved,    0x00) 
    ENTRY(COMMAND1,    command1,    0x01) 
    ENTRY(COMMAND2,    command2,    0x02) 
    ...
    ENTRY(COMMANDX,    commandX,    0x0X) 

I have both the uppercase and lowercase names in the table, because the upper case will be used for enums and the lowercase for function names.

Then I also define structs for each command to define what each command looks like:

typedef struct {...}command1_cmd_t;
typedef struct {...}command2_cmd_t;

etc.

Likewise I define structs for each command response:

typedef struct {...}command1_resp_t;
typedef struct {...}command2_resp_t;

etc.

Then I can define my command code enumeration:

enum
{
#define ENTRY(a,b,c) a##_CMD = c,
    COMMAND_TABLE
#undef ENTRY
};

I can define my command length enumeration:

enum
{
#define ENTRY(a,b,c) a##_CMD_LENGTH = sizeof(b##_cmd_t);
    COMMAND_TABLE
#undef ENTRY
};

I can define my response length enumeration:

enum
{
#define ENTRY(a,b,c) a##_RESP_LENGTH = sizeof(b##_resp_t);
    COMMAND_TABLE
#undef ENTRY
};

I can determine how many commands there are as follows:

typedef struct
{
#define ENTRY(a,b,c) uint8_t b;
    COMMAND_TABLE
#undef ENTRY
} offset_struct_t;

#define NUMBER_OF_COMMANDS sizeof(offset_struct_t)

NOTE: I never actually instantiate the offset_struct_t, I just use it as a way for the compiler to generate for me my number of commands definition.

Note then I can generate my table of function pointers as follows:

p_func_t jump_table[NUMBER_OF_COMMANDS] = 
{
#define ENTRY(a,b,c) process_##b,
    COMMAND_TABLE
#undef ENTRY
}

And my function prototypes:

#define ENTRY(a,b,c) void process_##b(void);
    COMMAND_TABLE
#undef ENTRY

Now lastly for the coolest use ever, I can have the compiler calculate how big my transmit buffer should be.

/* reminder the sizeof a union is the size of its largest member */
typedef union
{
#define ENTRY(a,b,c) uint8_t b##_buf[sizeof(b##_cmd_t)];
    COMMAND_TABLE
#undef ENTRY
}tx_buf_t

Again this union is like my offset struct, it is not instantiated, instead I can use the sizeof operator to declare my transmit buffer size.

uint8_t tx_buf[sizeof(tx_buf_t)];

Now my transmit buffer tx_buf is the optimal size and as I add commands to this comms handler, my buffer will always be the optimal size. Cool!

One other use is to create offset tables: Since memory is often a constraint on embedded systems, I don't want to use 512 bytes for my jump table (2 bytes per pointer X 256 possible commands) when it is a sparse array. Instead I will have a table of 8bit offsets for each possible command. This offset is then used to index into my actual jump table which now only needs to be NUM_COMMANDS * sizeof(pointer). In my case with 10 commands defined. My jump table is 20bytes long and I have an offset table that is 256 bytes long, which is a total of 276bytes instead of 512bytes. I then call my functions like so:

jump_table[offset_table[command]]();

instead of

jump_table[command]();

I can create an offset table like so:

/* initialize every offset to 0 */
static uint8_t offset_table[256] = {0};

/* for each valid command, initialize the corresponding offset */
#define ENTRY(a,b,c) offset_table[c] = offsetof(offset_struct_t, b);
    COMMAND_TABLE
#undef ENTRY

where offsetof is a standard library macro defined in "stddef.h"

As a side benefit, there is a very easy way to determine if a command code is supported or not:

bool command_is_valid(uint8_t command)
{
    /* return false if not valid, or true (non 0) if valid */
    return offset_table[command];
}

This is also why in my COMMAND_TABLE I reserved command byte 0. I can create one function called "process_reserved()" which will be called if any invalid command byte is used to index into my offset table.