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Overview

Stockfish is a free, powerful UCI chess enginederived from Glaurung 2.1. Stockfish is not a complete chess program and requires aUCI-compatible graphical user interface (GUI) (e.g. XBoard with PolyGlot, Scid,Cute Chess, eboard, Arena, Sigma Chess, Shredder, Chess Partner or Fritz) in orderto be used comfortably. Read the documentation for your GUI of choice for informationabout how to use Stockfish with it.

The Stockfish engine features two evaluation functions for chess. The efficientlyupdatable neural network (NNUE) based evaluation is the default and by far the strongest.The classical evaluation based on handcrafted terms remains available. The strongestnetwork is integrated in the binary and downloaded automatically during the build process.The NNUE evaluation benefits from the vector intrinsics available on most CPUs (sse2,avx2, neon, or similar).

Files

This distribution of Stockfish consists of the following files:

• Readme.md,the file you are currently reading.

• Copying.txt,a text file containing the GNU General Public License version 3.

• AUTHORS,a text file with the list of authors for the project

• src,a subdirectory containing the full source code, including a Makefilethat can be used to compile Stockfish on Unix-like systems.

• a file with the .nnue extension, storing the neural network for the NNUEevaluation. Binary distributions will have this file embedded.

The UCI protocol and available options

The Universal Chess Interface (UCI) is a standard protocol used to communicate witha chess engine, and is the recommended way to do so for typical graphical user interfaces(GUI) or chess tools. Stockfish implements the majority of its options as describedin the UCI protocol.

Developers can see the default values for UCI options available in Stockfish by typing./stockfish uci in a terminal, but the majority of users will typically see them andchange them via a chess GUI. This is a list of available UCI options in Stockfish:

• Threads

  The number of CPU threads used for searching a position. For best performance, setthis equal to the number of CPU cores available.

• Hash

  The size of the hash table in MB. It is recommended to set Hash after setting Threads.

• Clear Hash

  Clear the hash table.

• Ponder

  Let Stockfish ponder its next move while the opponent is thinking.

• MultiPV

  Output the N best lines (principal variations, PVs) when searching.Leave at 1 for best performance.

• Use NNUE

  Toggle between the NNUE and classical evaluation functions. If set to "true",the network parameters must be available to load from file (see also EvalFile),if they are not embedded in the binary.

• EvalFile

  The name of the file of the NNUE evaluation parameters. Depending on the GUI thefilename might have to include the full path to the folder/directory that containsthe file. Other locations, such as the directory that contains the binary and theworking directory, are also searched.

• UCI_AnalyseMode

  An option handled by your GUI.

• UCI_Chess960

  An option handled by your GUI. If true, Stockfish will play Chess960.

• UCI_ShowWDL

  If enabled, show approximate WDL statistics as part of the engine output.These WDL numbers model expected game outcomes for a given evaluation andgame ply for engine self-play at fishtest LTC conditions (60+0.6s per game).

• UCI_LimitStrength

  Enable weaker play aiming for an Elo rating as set by UCI_Elo. This option overrides Skill Level.

• UCI_Elo

  If enabled by UCI_LimitStrength, aim for an engine strength of the given Elo.This Elo rating has been calibrated at a time control of 60s+0.6s and anchored to CCRL 40/4.

• Skill Level

  Lower the Skill Level in order to make Stockfish play weaker (see also UCI_LimitStrength).Internally, MultiPV is enabled, and with a certain probability depending on the Skill Level aweaker move will be played.

• SyzygyPath

  Path to the folders/directories storing the Syzygy tablebase files. Multipledirectories are to be separated by ";" on Windows and by ":" on Unix-basedoperating systems. Do not use spaces around the ";" or ":".

  Example: C:\tablebases\wdl345;C:\tablebases\wdl6;D:\tablebases\dtz345;D:\tablebases\dtz6

  It is recommended to store .rtbw files on an SSD. There is no loss in storingthe .rtbz files on a regular HDD. It is recommended to verify all md5 checksumsof the downloaded tablebase files (md5sum -c checksum.md5) as corruption willlead to engine crashes.

• SyzygyProbeDepth

  Minimum remaining search depth for which a position is probed. Set this optionto a higher value to probe less aggressively if you experience too much slowdown(in terms of nps) due to tablebase probing.

• Syzygy50MoveRule

  Disable to let fifty-move rule draws detected by Syzygy tablebase probes countas wins or losses. This is useful for ICCF correspondence games.

• SyzygyProbeLimit

  Limit Syzygy tablebase probing to positions with at most this many pieces left(including kings and pawns).

• Move Overhead

  Assume a time delay of x ms due to network and GUI overheads. This is useful toavoid losses on time in those cases.

• Slow Mover

  Lower values will make Stockfish take less time in games, higher values willmake it think longer.

• nodestime

  Tells the engine to use nodes searched instead of wall time to account forelapsed time. Useful for engine testing.

• Debug Log File

  Write all communication to and from the engine into a text file.

For developers the following non-standard commands might be of interest, mainly useful for debugging:

• bench ttSize threads limit fenFile limitType evalType

  Performs a standard benchmark using various options. The signature of a version(standard node count) is obtained using all defaults. bench is currentlybench 16 1 13 default depth mixed.

• compiler

  Give information about the compiler and environment used for building a binary.

• d

  Display the current position, with ascii art and fen.

• eval

  Return the evaluation of the current position.

• export_net [filename]

  Exports the currently loaded network to a file.If the currently loaded network is the embedded network and the filenameis not specified then the network is saved to the file matching the nameof the embedded network, as defined in evaluate.h.If the currently loaded network is not the embedded network (some net setthrough the UCI setoption) then the filename parameter is required and thenetwork is saved into that file.

• flip

  Flips the side to move.

A note on classical evaluation versus NNUE evaluation

Both approaches assign a value to a position that is used in alpha-beta (PVS) searchto find the best move. The classical evaluation computes this value as a functionof various chess concepts, handcrafted by experts, tested and tuned using fishtest.The NNUE evaluation computes this value with a neural network based on basicinputs (e.g. piece positions only). The network is optimized and trainedon the evaluations of millions of positions at moderate search depth.

The NNUE evaluation was first introduced in shogi, and ported to Stockfish afterward.It can be evaluated efficiently on CPUs, and exploits the fact that only partsof the neural network need to be updated after a typical chess move.The nodchip repository provided the firstversion of the needed tools to train and develop the NNUE networks. Today, moreadvanced training tools are available inthe nnue-pytorch repository,while data generation tools are available ina dedicated branch.

On CPUs supporting modern vector instructions (avx2 and similar), the NNUE evaluationresults in much stronger playing strength, even if the nodes per second computed bythe engine is somewhat lower (roughly 80% of nps is typical).

Notes:

1. the NNUE evaluation depends on the Stockfish binary and the network parameter file(see the EvalFile UCI option). Not every parameter file is compatible with a givenStockfish binary, but the default value of the EvalFile UCI option is the name of anetwork that is guaranteed to be compatible with that binary.

2. to use the NNUE evaluation, the additional data file with neural network parametersneeds to be available. Normally, this file is already embedded in the binary or it canbe downloaded. The filename for the default (recommended) net can be found as the defaultvalue of the EvalFile UCI option, with the format nn-[SHA256 first 12 digits].nnue(for instance, nn-c157e0a5755b.nnue). This file can be downloaded from

https://tests.stockfishchess.org/api/nn/[filename]

replacing [filename] as needed.

What to expect from the Syzygy tablebases?

If the engine is searching a position that is not in the tablebases (e.g.a position with 8 pieces), it will access the tablebases during the search.If the engine reports a very large score (typically 153.xx), this meansit has found a winning line into a tablebase position.

If the engine is given a position to search that is in the tablebases, itwill use the tablebases at the beginning of the search to preselect allgood moves, i.e. all moves that preserve the win or preserve the draw whiletaking into account the 50-move rule.It will then perform a search only on those moves. The engine will not moveimmediately, unless there is only a single good move. The engine likelywill not report a mate score, even if the position is known to be won.

It is therefore clear that this behaviour is not identical to what one mightbe used to with Nalimov tablebases. There are technical reasons for thisdifference, the main technical reason being that Nalimov tablebases use theDTM metric (distance-to-mate), while the Syzygy tablebases use a variation of theDTZ metric (distance-to-zero, zero meaning any move that resets the 50-movecounter). This special metric is one of the reasons that the Syzygy tablebases aremore compact than Nalimov tablebases, while still storing all informationneeded for optimal play and in addition being able to take into accountthe 50-move rule.

Large Pages

Stockfish supports large pages on Linux and Windows. Large pages makethe hash access more efficient, improving the engine speed, especiallyon large hash sizes. Typical increases are 5..10% in terms of nodes persecond, but speed increases up to 30% have been measured. The support isautomatic. Stockfish attempts to use large pages when available andwill fall back to regular memory allocation when this is not the case.

Support on Linux

Large page support on Linux is obtained by the Linux kerneltransparent huge pages functionality. Typically, transparent huge pagesare already enabled, and no configuration is needed.

Support on Windows

The use of large pages requires "Lock Pages in Memory" privilege. SeeEnable the Lock Pages in Memory Option (Windows)on how to enable this privilege, then run RAMMapto double-check that large pages are used. We suggest that you rebootyour computer after you have enabled large pages, because long Windowssessions suffer from memory fragmentation, which may prevent Stockfishfrom getting large pages: a fresh session is better in this regard.

Compiling Stockfish yourself from the sources

Stockfish has support for 32 or 64-bit CPUs, certain hardwareinstructions, big-endian machines such as Power PC, and other platforms.

On Unix-like systems, it should be easy to compile Stockfishdirectly from the source code with the included Makefile in the foldersrc. In general it is recommended to run make help to see a list of maketargets with corresponding descriptions.

    cd src    make help    make net    make build ARCH=x86-64-modern

When not using the Makefile to compile (for instance, with Microsoft MSVC) youneed to manually set/unset some switches in the compiler command line; seefile types.h for a quick reference.

When reporting an issue or a bug, please tell us which Stockfish versionand which compiler you used to create your executable. This informationcan be found by typing the following command in a console:

    ./stockfish compiler

Understanding the code base and participating in the project

Stockfish's improvement over the last decade has been a great communityeffort. There are a few ways to help contribute to its growth.

Donating hardware

Improving Stockfish requires a massive amount of testing. You can donateyour hardware resources by installing the Fishtest Workerand view the current tests on Fishtest.

Improving the code

If you want to help improve the code, there are several valuable resources:

• In this wiki, many techniques used inStockfish are explained with a lot of background information.

• The section on Stockfishdescribes many features and techniques used by Stockfish. However, it isgeneric rather than being focused on Stockfish's precise implementation.Nevertheless, a helpful resource.

• The latest source can always be found on GitHub.Discussions about Stockfish take place these days mainly in the FishCookinggroup and on the Stockfish Discord channel.The engine testing is done on Fishtest.If you want to help improve Stockfish, please read this guidelinefirst, where the basics of Stockfish development are explained.

Terms of use

Stockfish is free, and distributed under the GNU General Public License version 3(GPL v3). Essentially, this means you are free to do almost exactlywhat you want with the program, including distributing it among yourfriends, making it available for download from your website, sellingit (either by itself or as part of some bigger software package), orusing it as the starting point for a software project of your own.

The only real limitation is that whenever you distribute Stockfish insome way, you MUST always include the license and the full source code(or a pointer to where the source code can be found) to generate theexact binary you are distributing. If you make any changes to thesource code, these changes must also be made available under the GPL v3.

For full details, read the copy of the GPL v3 found in the file namedCopying.txt.