PIX *
PixTest2(PIX          *pixs,
         l_int32       size,
         l_float32     factor,
         l_int32       nx,
         l_int32       ny,
         L_REGPARAMS  *rp)
{
l_int32  w, h;
PIX     *pixth, *pixd, *pixt;
PIXA    *pixa;

    pixth = pixd = NULL;
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);

        /* Get speed */
    startTimer();
    pixSauvolaBinarizeTiled(pixs, size, factor, nx, ny, NULL, &pixd);
    fprintf(stderr, "Speed: %d x %d tiles,  %7.3f Mpix/sec\n",
            nx, ny, (w * h / 1000000.) / stopTimer());
    pixDestroy(&pixd);

        /* Get results */
    pixSauvolaBinarizeTiled(pixs, size, factor, nx, ny, &pixth, &pixd);
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pixth, IFF_JFIF_JPEG);
    regTestWritePixAndCheck(rp, pixd, IFF_PNG);
    if (rp->index < 5 && rp->display) {
        pixa = pixaCreate(0);
        pixSaveTiled(pixth, pixa, 1, 1, 30, 8);
        pixSaveTiled(pixd, pixa, 1, 0, 30, 8);
        pixt = pixaDisplay(pixa, 0, 0);
        pixDisplayWithTitle(pixt, 100, 400, NULL, rp->display);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    }

    pixDestroy(&pixth);
    return pixd;
}

/*!
 *  wshedCreate()
 *
 *      Input:  pixs  (8 bpp source)
 *              pixm  (1 bpp 'marker' seed)
 *              mindepth (minimum depth; anything less is not saved)
 *              debugflag (1 for debug output)
 *      Return: WShed, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) It is not necessary for the fg pixels in the seed image
 *          be at minima, or that they be isolated.  We extract a
 *          single pixel from each connected component, and a seed
 *          anywhere in a watershed will eventually label the watershed
 *          when the filling level reaches it.
 *      (2) Set mindepth to some value to ignore noise in pixs that
 *          can create small local minima.  Any watershed shallower
 *          than mindepth, even if it has a seed, will not be saved;
 *          It will either be incorporated in another watershed or
 *          eliminated.
 */
L_WSHED *
wshedCreate(PIX     *pixs,
            PIX     *pixm,
            l_int32  mindepth,
            l_int32  debugflag)
{
l_int32   w, h;
L_WSHED  *wshed;

    PROCNAME("wshedCreate");

    if (!pixs)
        return (L_WSHED *)ERROR_PTR("pixs is not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return (L_WSHED *)ERROR_PTR("pixs is not 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixm)
        return (L_WSHED *)ERROR_PTR("pixm is not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixm) != 1)
        return (L_WSHED *)ERROR_PTR("pixm is not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    if (pixGetWidth(pixm) != w || pixGetHeight(pixm) != h)
        return (L_WSHED *)ERROR_PTR("pixs/m sizes are unequal", procName, NULL);

    if ((wshed = (L_WSHED *)CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_WSHED))) == NULL)
        return (L_WSHED *)ERROR_PTR("wshed not made", procName, NULL);

    wshed->pixs = pixClone(pixs);
    wshed->pixm = pixClone(pixm);
    wshed->mindepth = L_MAX(1, mindepth);
    wshed->pixlab = pixCreate(w, h, 32);
    pixSetAllArbitrary(wshed->pixlab, MAX_LABEL_VALUE);
    wshed->pixt = pixCreate(w, h, 1);
    wshed->lines8 = pixGetLinePtrs(pixs, NULL);
    wshed->linem1 = pixGetLinePtrs(pixm, NULL);
    wshed->linelab32 = pixGetLinePtrs(wshed->pixlab, NULL);
    wshed->linet1 = pixGetLinePtrs(wshed->pixt, NULL);
    wshed->debug = debugflag;
    return wshed;
}

jint Java_com_googlecode_leptonica_android_WriteFile_nativeWriteBytes8(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz,
                                                                       jint nativePix,
                                                                       jbyteArray data) {
  LOGV(__FUNCTION__);

  l_int32 w, h, d;
  PIX *pix = (PIX *) nativePix;
  pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, &d);

  l_uint8 **lineptrs = pixSetupByteProcessing(pix, NULL, NULL);
  jbyte *data_buffer = env->GetByteArrayElements(data, NULL);
  l_uint8 *byte_buffer = (l_uint8 *) data_buffer;

  for (int i = 0; i < h; i++) {
    memcpy((byte_buffer + (i * w)), lineptrs[i], w);
  }

  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(data, data_buffer, 0);
  pixCleanupByteProcessing(pix, lineptrs);

  return (jint) (w * h);
}

/*!
 *  pixaCreateFromPix()
 *
 *      Input:  pixs  (with individual components on a lattice)
 *              n   (number of components)
 *              cellw   (width of each cell)
 *              cellh   (height of each cell)
 *      Return: pixa, or null on error
 *
 *  Note: for bpp = 1, we truncate each retrieved pix to
 *        the ON pixels, which we assume for now start at (0,0)
 */
PIXA *
pixaCreateFromPix(PIX     *pixs,
                  l_int32  n,
                  l_int32  cellw,
                  l_int32  cellh)
{
l_int32  w, h, d, nw, nh, i, j, index;
PIX     *pix, *pixt;
PIXA    *pixa;

    PROCNAME("pixaCreateFromPix");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (n <= 0)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("n must be > 0", procName, NULL);

    if ((pixa = pixaCreate(n)) == NULL)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not made", procName, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
    if ((pixt = pixCreate(cellw, cellh, d)) == NULL)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixt not made", procName, NULL);

    nw = (w + cellw - 1) / cellw;
    nh = (h + cellh - 1) / cellh;
    for (i = 0, index = 0; i < nh; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < nw && index < n; j++, index++) {
            pixRasterop(pixt, 0, 0, cellw, cellh, PIX_SRC, pixs,
                   j * cellw, i * cellh);
            if (d == 1 && !pixClipToForeground(pixt, &pix, NULL))
                pixaAddPix(pixa, pix, L_INSERT);
            else
                pixaAddPix(pixa, pixt, L_COPY);
        }
    }

    pixDestroy(&pixt);
    return pixa;
}

/*!
 *  pixFinalAccumulateThreshold()
 *
 *      Input:  pixs (32 bpp)
 *              offset (same as used for initialization)
 *              threshold (values less than this are set in the destination)
 *      Return: pixd (1 bpp), or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) The offset must be >= 0 and should not exceed 0x40000000.
 *      (2) The offset is subtracted from the src 32 bpp image
 */
PIX *
pixFinalAccumulateThreshold(PIX      *pixs,
                            l_uint32  offset,
                            l_uint32  threshold)
{
l_int32    i, j, w, h, wpls, wpld, val;
l_uint32  *datas, *datad, *lines, *lined;
PIX       *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixFinalAccumulateThreshold");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 32 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (offset > 0x40000000)
        offset = 0x40000000;

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    if ((pixd = pixCreate(w, h, 1)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);  /* but how did pixs get it initially? */
    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
    wpls = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    wpld = pixGetWpl(pixd);
    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
        lines = datas + i * wpls;
        lined = datad + i * wpld;
        for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
            val = lines[j] - offset;
            if (val >= threshold) {
                SET_DATA_BIT(lined, j);
            }
        }
    }

    return pixd;
}

/*!
 * \brief   nextOnPixelInRaster()
 *
 * \param[in]    pixs 1 bpp
 * \param[in]    xstart, ystart  starting point for search
 * \param[out]   px, py  coord value of next ON pixel
 * \return  1 if a pixel is found; 0 otherwise or on error
 */
l_int32
nextOnPixelInRaster(PIX      *pixs,
                    l_int32   xstart,
                    l_int32   ystart,
                    l_int32  *px,
                    l_int32  *py)
{
    l_int32    w, h, d, wpl;
    l_uint32  *data;

    PROCNAME("nextOnPixelInRaster");

    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 0);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 1 bpp", procName, 0);

    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    return nextOnPixelInRasterLow(data, w, h, wpl, xstart, ystart, px, py);
}

/*!
 *  pixBilinearGray()
 *
 *      Input:  pixs (8 bpp)
 *              vc  (vector of 8 coefficients for bilinear transformation)
 *              grayval (0 to bring in BLACK, 255 for WHITE)
 *      Return: pixd, or null on error
 */
PIX *
pixBilinearGray(PIX *pixs,
                l_float32 *vc,
                l_uint8 grayval) {
    l_int32 i, j, w, h, wpls, wpld, val;
    l_uint32 *datas, *datad, *lined;
    l_float32 x, y;
    PIX *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixBilinearGray");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *) ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return (PIX *) ERROR_PTR("pixs must be 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (!vc)
        return (PIX *) ERROR_PTR("vc not defined", procName, NULL);

    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpls = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    pixSetAllArbitrary(pixd, grayval);
    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
    wpld = pixGetWpl(pixd);

    /* Iterate over destination pixels */
    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
        lined = datad + i * wpld;
        for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
            /* Compute float src pixel location corresponding to (i,j) */
            bilinearXformPt(vc, j, i, &x, &y);
            linearInterpolatePixelGray(datas, wpls, w, h, x, y, grayval, &val);
            SET_DATA_BYTE(lined, j, val);
        }
    }

    return pixd;
}

/*!
 *  pixThresholdToValue()
 *
 *      Input:  pixd (<optional>; if not null, must be equal to pixs)
 *              pixs (8, 16, 32 bpp)
 *              threshval
 *              setval
 *      Return: pixd always
 *
 *  Notes:
 *    - operation can be in-place (pixs == pixd) or to a new pixd
 *    - if setval > threshval, sets pixels with a value >= threshval to setval
 *    - if setval < threshval, sets pixels with a value <= threshval to setval
 *    - if setval == threshval, no-op
 */
PIX *
pixThresholdToValue(PIX      *pixd,
                    PIX      *pixs,
                    l_int32   threshval,
                    l_int32   setval)
{
l_int32    w, h, d, wpld;
l_uint32  *datad;

    PROCNAME("pixThresholdToValue");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, pixd);
    d = pixGetDepth(pixs);
    if (d != 8 && d != 16 && d != 32)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 8, 16 or 32 bpp", procName, pixd);
    if (pixd && (pixs != pixd))
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd exists and is not pixs", procName, pixd);
    if (threshval < 0 || setval < 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("threshval & setval not < 0", procName, pixd);
    if (d == 8 && setval > 255)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("setval > 255 for 8 bpp", procName, pixd);
    if (d == 16 && setval > 0xffff)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("setval > 0xffff for 16 bpp", procName, pixd);

    if (!pixd)
        pixd = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
    if (setval == threshval) {
        L_WARNING("setval == threshval; no operation", procName);
        return pixd;
    }

    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
    pixGetDimensions(pixd, &w, &h, NULL);
    wpld = pixGetWpl(pixd);

    thresholdToValueLow(datad, w, h, d, wpld, threshval, setval);
    return pixd;
}

/*!
 *  regTestCompareSimilarPix()
 *
 *      Input:  rp (regtest parameters)
 *              pix1, pix2 (to be tested for equality)
 *              mindiff (minimum pixel difference to be counted; > 0)
 *              maxfract (maximum fraction of pixels allowed to have
 *                        diff greater than or equal to mindiff)
 *              printstats (use 1 to print normalized histogram to stderr)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error (a failure in similarity comparison
 *              is not an error)
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This function compares two pix for equality.  If not in compare
 *          mode, on failure it writes to stderr.
 *      (2) To identify two images as 'similar', select @maxfract to be
 *          the upper bound for what you expect.  Typical values might
 *          be @mindiff = 15 and @maxfract = 0.01.
 *      (3) Normally, use @printstats = 0.  In debugging mode, to see
 *          the relation between @mindiff and the minimum value of
 *          @maxfract for success, set this to 1.
 */
l_int32
regTestCompareSimilarPix(L_REGPARAMS  *rp,
                         PIX          *pix1,
                         PIX          *pix2,
                         l_int32       mindiff,
                         l_float32     maxfract,
                         l_int32       printstats)
{
l_int32  w, h, factor, similar;

    PROCNAME("regTestCompareSimilarPix");

    if (!rp)
        return ERROR_INT("rp not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pix1 || !pix2) {
        rp->success = FALSE;
        return ERROR_INT("pix1 and pix2 not both defined", procName, 1);
    }

    rp->index++;
    pixGetDimensions(pix1, &w, &h, NULL);
    factor = L_MAX(w, h) / 400;
    factor = L_MAX(1, L_MIN(factor, 4));   /* between 1 and 4 */
    pixTestForSimilarity(pix1, pix2, factor, mindiff, maxfract, 0.0,
                         &similar, printstats);

        /* Record on failure */
    if (!similar) {
        if (rp->fp) {
            fprintf(rp->fp,
                    "Failure in %s_reg: pix similarity comp for index %d\n",
                    rp->testname, rp->index);
        }
        fprintf(stderr, "Failure in %s_reg: pix similarity comp for index %d\n",
                rp->testname, rp->index);
        rp->success = FALSE;
    }
    return 0;
}

/*!
 *  pixaGetPixDimensions()
 *
 *      Input:  pixa
 *              index  (to the index-th box)
 *              &w, &h, &d (<optional return>; each can be null)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
l_int32
pixaGetPixDimensions(PIXA     *pixa,
                     l_int32   index,
                     l_int32  *pw,
                     l_int32  *ph,
                     l_int32  *pd)
{
PIX  *pix;

    PROCNAME("pixaGetPixDimensions");

    if (!pixa)
        return ERROR_INT("pixa not defined", procName, 1);
    if (index < 0 || index >= pixa->n)
        return ERROR_INT("index not valid", procName, 1);

    if ((pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, index, L_CLONE)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not found!", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pix, pw, ph, pd);
    pixDestroy(&pix);
    return 0;
}

/*!
 *  pixSetPadBits()
 *
 *      Input:  pix (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 bpp)
 *              val  (0 or 1)
 *      Return: 0 if OK; 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) The pad bits are the bits that expand each scanline to a
 *          multiple of 32 bits.  They are usually not used in
 *          image processing operations.  When boundary conditions
 *          are important, as in seedfill, they must be set properly.
 *      (2) This sets the value of the pad bits (if any) in the last
 *          32-bit word in each scanline.
 *      (3) For 32 bpp pix, there are no pad bits, so this is a no-op.
 */
LEPTONICA_REAL_EXPORT l_int32
pixSetPadBits(PIX     *pix,
              l_int32  val)
{
l_int32    i, w, h, d, wpl, endbits, fullwords;
l_uint32   mask;
l_uint32  *data, *pword;

    PROCNAME("pixSetPadBits");

    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 1);

    pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d == 32)  /* no padding exists for 32 bpp */
        return 0;  

    data = pixGetData(pix);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pix);
    endbits = 32 - ((w * d) % 32);
    if (endbits == 32)  /* no partial word */
        return 0;
    fullwords = w * d / 32;

    mask = rmask32[endbits];
    if (val == 0)
        mask = ~mask;

    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
        pword = data + i * wpl + fullwords;
        if (val == 0) /* clear */
            *pword = *pword & mask;
        else  /* set */
            *pword = *pword | mask;
    }

    return 0;
}

/*!
 *  localSearchForBackground()
 *
 *      Input:  &x, &y (starting position for search; return found position)
 *              maxrad (max distance to search from starting location)
 *      Return: 0 if bg pixel found; 1 if not found
 */
static l_int32
localSearchForBackground(PIX  *pix,
                         l_int32  *px,
                         l_int32  *py,
                         l_int32  maxrad)
{
l_int32   x, y, w, h, r, i, j;
l_uint32  val;

    x = *px;
    y = *py;
    pixGetPixel(pix, x, y, &val);
    if (val == 0) return 0;

        /* For each value of r, restrict the search to the boundary
         * pixels in a square centered on (x,y), clipping to the
         * image boundaries if necessary.  */
    pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, NULL);
    for (r = 1; r < maxrad; r++) {
        for (i = -r; i <= r; i++) {
            if (y + i < 0 || y + i >= h)
                continue;
            for (j = -r; j <= r; j++) {
                if (x + j < 0 || x + j >= w)
                    continue;
                if (L_ABS(i) != r && L_ABS(j) != r)  /* not on "r ring" */
                    continue;
                pixGetPixel(pix, x + j, y + i, &val);
                if (val == 0) {
                    *px = x + j;
                    *py = y + i;
                    return 0;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

PIXA *MakeBootnum2(void)
{
char     *fname;
l_int32   i, n, w, h;
BOX      *box;
PIX      *pix;
PIXA     *pixa;
L_RECOG  *recog;
SARRAY   *sa;

        /* Phase 1: generate recog from the digit data */
    recog = recogCreate(20, 32, L_USE_ALL, 120, 1);
    sa = getSortedPathnamesInDirectory("recog/bootnums", "png", 0, 0);
    n = sarrayGetCount(sa);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            /* Read each pix: grayscale, multi-character, labelled */
        fname = sarrayGetString(sa, i, L_NOCOPY);
        if ((pix = pixRead(fname)) == NULL) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Can't read %s\n", fname);
            continue;
        }

            /* Convert to a set of 1 bpp, single character, labelled */
        pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, NULL);
        box = boxCreate(0, 0, w, h);
        recogTrainLabelled(recog, pix, box, NULL, 1, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
        boxDestroy(&box);
    }
    recogTrainingFinished(recog, 1);
    sarrayDestroy(&sa);

        /* Phase 2: generate pixa consisting of 1 bpp, single character pix */
    recogWritePixa("/tmp/lept/recog/digits/bootnum2.pa", recog);
    pixa = pixaRead("/tmp/lept/recog/digits/bootnum2.pa");
    recogDestroy(&recog);
    return pixa;
}

/*!
 *  pixMultConstantGray()
 *
 *      Input:  pixs (8, 16 or 32 bpp)
 *              val  (>= 0.0; amount to multiply by each pixel)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) In-place operation; val must be >= 0.
 *      (2) No clipping for 32 bpp.
 *      (3) For 8 and 16 bpp, the result is clipped to 0xff and 0xffff, rsp.
 */
l_int32
pixMultConstantGray(PIX       *pixs,
                    l_float32  val)
{
l_int32    w, h, d, wpl;
l_uint32  *data;

    PROCNAME("pixMultConstantGray");

    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d != 8 && d != 16 && d != 32)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 8, 16 or 32 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (val < 0.0)
        return ERROR_INT("val < 0.0", procName, 1);

    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    multConstantGrayLow(data, w, h, d, wpl, val);

    return 0;
}

jlong Java_com_googlecode_leptonica_android_ReadFile_nativeReadBytes8(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz,
                                                                      jbyteArray data, jint w,
                                                                      jint h) {
    PIX *pix = pixCreateNoInit((l_int32) w, (l_int32) h, 8);
    l_uint8 **lineptrs = pixSetupByteProcessing(pix, NULL, NULL);
    jbyte *data_buffer = env->GetByteArrayElements(data, NULL);
    l_uint8 *byte_buffer = (l_uint8 *) data_buffer;

    for (int i = 0; i < h; i++) {
        memcpy(lineptrs[i], (byte_buffer + (i * w)), w);
    }

    env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(data, data_buffer, JNI_ABORT);
    pixCleanupByteProcessing(pix, lineptrs);

    l_int32 d;

    pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, &d);

    LOGI("Created image with w=%d, h=%d, d=%d", w, h, d);

    return (jlong) pix;
}

// NOTE: Opposite to SetImage for raw images, SetImage for Pix clones its
// input, so the source pix may be pixDestroyed immediately after.
void ImageThresholder::SetImage(const Pix* pix) {
  image_data_ = NULL;
  if (pix_ != NULL)
    pixDestroy(&pix_);
  Pix* src = const_cast<Pix*>(pix);
  int depth;
  pixGetDimensions(src, &image_width_, &image_height_, &depth);
  // Convert the image as necessary so it is one of binary, plain RGB, or
  // 8 bit with no colormap.
  if (depth > 1 && depth < 8) {
    pix_ = pixConvertTo8(src, false);
  } else if (pixGetColormap(src)) {
    pix_ = pixRemoveColormap(src, REMOVE_CMAP_BASED_ON_SRC);
  } else {
    pix_ = pixClone(src);
  }
  depth = pixGetDepth(pix_);
  image_bytespp_ = depth / 8;
  image_bytespl_ = pixGetWpl(pix_) * sizeof(l_uint32);
  scale_ = 1;
  estimated_res_ = yres_ = pixGetYRes(src);
  Init();
}

jint Java_com_googlecode_leptonica_android_Rotate_nativeRotate(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz,
                                                               jint nativePix, jfloat degrees,
                                                               jboolean quality, jboolean resize) {
  PIX *pixd;
  PIX *pixs = (PIX *) nativePix;

  l_float32 deg2rad = 3.1415926535 / 180.0;
  l_float32 radians = degrees * deg2rad;
  l_int32 w, h, bpp, type;

  pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &bpp);

  if (bpp == 1 && quality == JNI_TRUE) {
    pixd = pixRotateBinaryNice(pixs, radians, L_BRING_IN_WHITE);
  } else {
    type = quality == JNI_TRUE ? L_ROTATE_AREA_MAP : L_ROTATE_SAMPLING;
    w = (resize == JNI_TRUE) ? w : 0;
    h = (resize == JNI_TRUE) ? h : 0;
    pixd = pixRotate(pixs, radians, type, L_BRING_IN_WHITE, w, h);
  }

  return (jint) pixd;
}

/*!
 *  pixRotateAMColorCorner()
 *
 *      Input:  pixs
 *              angle (radians; clockwise is positive)
 *              colorval (e.g., 0 to bring in BLACK, 0xffffff00 for WHITE)
 *      Return: pixd, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) Rotates the image about the UL corner.
 *      (2) A positive angle gives a clockwise rotation.
 *      (3) Specify the color to be brought in from outside the image.
 */
PIX *
pixRotateAMColorCorner(PIX       *pixs,
                       l_float32  angle,
                       l_uint32   fillval)
{
l_int32    w, h, wpls, wpld;
l_uint32  *datas, *datad;
PIX       *pix1, *pix2, *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixRotateAMColorCorner");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs must be 32 bpp", procName, NULL);

    if (L_ABS(angle) < MIN_ANGLE_TO_ROTATE)
        return pixClone(pixs);

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpls = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
    wpld = pixGetWpl(pixd);

    rotateAMColorCornerLow(datad, w, h, wpld, datas, wpls, angle, fillval);
    if (pixGetSpp(pixs) == 4) {
        pix1 = pixGetRGBComponent(pixs, L_ALPHA_CHANNEL);
        pix2 = pixRotateAMGrayCorner(pix1, angle, 255);  /* bring in opaque */
        pixSetRGBComponent(pixd, pix2, L_ALPHA_CHANNEL);
        pixDestroy(&pix1);
        pixDestroy(&pix2);
    }

    return pixd;
}

/*!
 *  pixMultConstAccumulate() 
 *
 *      Input:  pixs (32 bpp)
 *              factor
 *              offset (same as used for initialization)
 *      Return: 0 if OK; 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) The offset must be >= 0 and should not exceed 0x40000000.
 *      (2) This multiplies each pixel, relative to offset, by the input factor
 *      (3) The result is returned with the offset back in place.
 */
l_int32
pixMultConstAccumulate(PIX       *pixs,
                       l_float32  factor,
                       l_uint32   offset)
{
l_int32    w, h, wpl;
l_uint32  *data;

    PROCNAME("pixMultConstAccumulate");

    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 32 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (offset > 0x40000000)
        offset = 0x40000000;

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);

    multConstAccumulateLow(data, w, h, wpl, factor, offset);
    return 0;
}

/*!
 *  pixQuadtreeVariance()
 *
 *      Input:  pixs (8 bpp, no colormap)
 *              nlevels (in quadtree)
 *             *pix_ma (input mean accumulator; can be null)
 *             *dpix_msa (input mean square accumulator; can be null)
 *             *pfpixa_v (<optional return> variance values in quadtree)
 *             *pfpixa_rv (<optional return> root variance values in quadtree)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) The returned fpixav and fpixarv have @nlevels of fpix,
 *          each containing at the respective levels the variance
 *          and root variance values.
 */
l_int32
pixQuadtreeVariance(PIX *pixs,
                    l_int32 nlevels,
                    PIX *pix_ma,
                    DPIX *dpix_msa,
                    FPIXA **pfpixa_v,
                    FPIXA **pfpixa_rv) {
    l_int32 i, j, w, h, size, n;
    l_float32 var, rvar;
    BOX *box;
    BOXA *boxa;
    BOXAA *baa;
    FPIX *fpixv, *fpixrv;
    PIX *pix_mac;  /* copy of mean accumulator */
    DPIX *dpix_msac;  /* msa clone */

    PROCNAME("pixQuadtreeVariance");

    if (!pfpixa_v && !pfpixa_rv)
        return ERROR_INT("neither &fpixav nor &fpixarv defined", procName, 1);
    if (pfpixa_v) *pfpixa_v = NULL;
    if (pfpixa_rv) *pfpixa_rv = NULL;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 8 bpp", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    if (nlevels > quadtreeMaxLevels(w, h))
        return ERROR_INT("nlevels too large for image", procName, 1);

    if (!pix_ma)
        pix_mac = pixBlockconvAccum(pixs);
    else
        pix_mac = pixClone(pix_ma);
    if (!pix_mac)
        return ERROR_INT("pix_mac not made", procName, 1);
    if (!dpix_msa)
        dpix_msac = pixMeanSquareAccum(pixs);
    else
        dpix_msac = dpixClone(dpix_msa);
    if (!dpix_msac)
        return ERROR_INT("dpix_msac not made", procName, 1);

    if ((baa = boxaaQuadtreeRegions(w, h, nlevels)) == NULL) {
        pixDestroy(&pix_mac);
        dpixDestroy(&dpix_msac);
        return ERROR_INT("baa not made", procName, 1);
    }

    if (pfpixa_v) *pfpixa_v = fpixaCreate(nlevels);
    if (pfpixa_rv) *pfpixa_rv = fpixaCreate(nlevels);
    for (i = 0; i < nlevels; i++) {
        boxa = boxaaGetBoxa(baa, i, L_CLONE);
        size = 1 << i;
        n = boxaGetCount(boxa);  /* n == size * size */
        if (pfpixa_v) fpixv = fpixCreate(size, size);
        if (pfpixa_rv) fpixrv = fpixCreate(size, size);
        for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            box = boxaGetBox(boxa, j, L_CLONE);
            pixVarianceInRectangle(pixs, box, pix_mac, dpix_msac, &var, &rvar);
            if (pfpixa_v) fpixSetPixel(fpixv, j % size, j / size, var);
            if (pfpixa_rv) fpixSetPixel(fpixrv, j % size, j / size, rvar);
            boxDestroy(&box);
        }
        if (pfpixa_v) fpixaAddFPix(*pfpixa_v, fpixv, L_INSERT);
        if (pfpixa_rv) fpixaAddFPix(*pfpixa_rv, fpixrv, L_INSERT);
        boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    }

    pixDestroy(&pix_mac);
    dpixDestroy(&dpix_msac);
    boxaaDestroy(&baa);
    return 0;
}